These magnetic powder clutches and brakes engage with the application of an electric current to stainless steel magnetic particles in the gap between the output disk/ shaft assembly and the housing. The particles are normally free flowing but when current flows through the stationary coil it creates a magnetic field which causes the particles to form long chains along the magnetic field lines. This links the disk to the housing with a torque that is proportional to the applied input current. Response time is very fast and operation is smooth, reliable and backlash free